sábado, 27 de novembro de 2010

11,2 milhões de brasileiros ainda passavam fome em 2009

http://www.vermelho.org.br/noticia.php?id_noticia=142396&id_secao=1

O número de domicílios brasileiros onde as famílias admitem que não têm alimentos em quantidade e qualidade adequadas diminuiu de 34,9% para 30,2%, entre 2004 e 2009. Mas cerca de 11,2 milhões de pessoas no país ainda conviviam com a fome no ano passado. A proporção de domicílios com brasileiros nessa condição, no entanto, tem diminuído ao longo dos anos, passando de 7% para 5%, no período.

As constatações são do suplemento Segurança Alimentar, elaborado com base na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad) do ano passado. O documento, divulgado hoje (26) pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), classifica os graus de insegurança alimentar e aponta que 65,6 milhões de brasileiros não se alimentam direito.

Desse total, 40,1 milhões (20,9% da população total) convivem com a forma leve de insegurança alimentar (quando admitem que pode faltar dinheiro para comida). Mais 14,3 milhões estão na situação moderada – casos em que, no período de três meses anteriores à pesquisa, houve restrição de comida. Os demais (11,2 milhões) passam pela privação de alimentos, a insegurança alimentar grave.

Problema dramático
De acordo com a presidente da Ação Brasileira pela Nutrição e Direitos Humanos (Abrandh), Marília Leão, apesar da evolução dos indicadores no últimos anos, o dado revela um problema dramático: a fome. "Quando encontramos domicílios em situação de insegurança alimentar grave significa que efetivamente houve episódios de fome, inclusive em crianças", afirmou.

"Temos que considerar essa situação porque a fome implicará prejuízos grandes no perfil nutricional e no desenvolvimento delas. Consequentemente, no potencial que essas crianças têm como pessoa", completou Marília, que também integra o Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (Consea), do governo federal.

Com a queda do percentual de insegurança alimentar entre 2004 e 2009, cerca de 7 milhões de pessoas melhoraram suas condições. É o caso da empregada doméstica Lurdes Ludugério moradora de Niterói. Ela conta que, depois que a família passou a receber dinheiro de programas de transferência de renda, a alimentação melhorou, principalmente a dos cinco netos.

Mais comida
"Compramos bem mais comida do que antes do Bolsa Família", afirmou. É a filha mais velha, que vive com ela na mesma casa, a beneficiária do cartão do governo. No momento, a moça está desempregada.

A maior parte da população com fome no país está no Norte (9,2% dos domicílios) e no Nordeste (9,3%). No Sul e no Sudeste, os percentuais não chegam a 3%. Diferenças também são verificadas em relação à situação dos domicílios. Na zona urbana, 6,2% e 4,6% das famílias estão em situação de insegurança moderada ou grave, respectivamente, enquanto na zona rural as proporções são de 8,6% e 7%.

Fonte: Agência Brasil, por Isabela Vieira e Juliana Andrade

Situação de insegurança alimentar é mais grave para negros

Pesquisa do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) divulgada hoje (26) mostra que os negros (pretos e pardos) têm mais dificuldade de acesso a alimentos de qualidade e em quantidades suficientes do que os brancos. O percentual de insegurança alimentar entre eles é quase o dobro em relação ao da população branca.

Do total de 97,8 milhões de negros no país, 43,4%, conviviam com algum grau de insegurança alimentar em 2009, sendo que 18,6% vivenciam a situação mais grave, de privação de comida.

O percentual é seis vezes maior do que o de brancos na mesma situação: 3%. Entre esses, 24,6% estão em algum nível de insegurança alimentar.

Segundo a pesquisa, o fato de os negros estarem em maior número entre a população com restrições alimentares pode estar relacionado ao rendimento, pois pertencem à parcela mais pobre da população. O documento mostra que 55% dos domicílios com renda de até meio salário mínimo não dispunham de alimentos de qualidade e em quantidade suficientes.

Para a presidente da Ação Brasileira pela Nutrição e Direitos Humanos (Abrandh), Marília Leão, outras "desigualdades históricas" também podem explicar a diferença entre brancos e negros. "Observamos que entre povos indígenas e comunidades tradicionais há muita desigualdade se comparada com os branco. Em relação aos negros é a mesma coisa. Por isso, as ações afirmativas são tão importantes no sentido de essas desigualdade não existirem mais."

A prevalência de situação de insegurança alimentar moderada (restrição de alimento nos três meses anteriores a pesquisa) também é maior entre as famílias chefiadas por mulheres (10,2%). No caso de domicílios com a pessoa de referência do sexo masculino era de 14,2%. A diferença se acentua no caso de famílias com jovens até 18 anos.

Feito com base na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad), o suplemento do IBGE ainda mostra que em 2009, 8,1% das pessoas até 17 anos não têm alimentação de qualidade e entre a população com mais de 65 anos, a proporção é de 3,6%.


http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/web/guest/topic


Rural poverty in Brazil

Although the country is an important agricultural and industrial power, with the strongest economy in Latin America, poverty is widespread in Brazil. Despite recent improvements in income distribution, the issues of income inequality and social exclusion remain at the root of rural poverty. Brazil is a middle-income country and is rich in natural resources, but poverty levels and human development indicators in poor rural areas are comparable to those in the poorest countries of Latin America. In the country as a whole, about 35 per cent of the population lives in poverty, on less than two dollars a day. But in Brazil’s rural areas poverty affects about 51 per cent of the population.
Since approximately 19 per cent of the total population, or about 36 million people, live in rural areas, this means that Brazil has about 18 million poor rural people, the largest number in the Western Hemisphere. And Brazil’s North-East region has the single largest concentration of rural poverty in Latin America. The North-East is the country’s poorest and least developed region and the focus of IFAD’s operations. In this region, 58 per cent of the total population and 67 per cent of the rural population is poor (ECLAC, 2007).
Poor rural communities live in disadvantaged conditions: education and health facilities are not readily available, water supply and sewage systems are generally inadequate, and rural people face severe constraints in accessing technology and infrastructure. People struggle to supplement farm income with income from salaried labour and small-scale enterprises such as handicrafts and other activities. Off-farm incomes have grown, and at least 30 per cent of rural people are engaged in non-agricultural employment as their main occupation.
The poorest and most vulnerable groups among Brazil's rural poor people are women, young people and indigenous peoples. Households headed by women account for 27 per cent of poor rural people. Either because their husbands migrate to other parts of the country in search of work, or because they are single parents, women bear responsibility for running the family farm as well as their households. And child labour is still common among poor households in Brazil.  
In the semi-arid North-East, landless people and smallholder farmers are severely affected by poverty. In this region, low incomes, adverse climatic conditions, the limited natural resource base characteristic of a semi-arid region, and limited access to public services have led to the migration of large numbers of people to urban areas, mainly to big cities in south-east Brazil.
One of the main causes of poverty in Brazil is extreme inequality of land tenure, especially in the North-East and in the country’s central regions. An Agrarian Reform implemented in past years has accelerated under the current federal government. The reform improves the conditions of the rural poor, but much work remains to be done.
The majority of the 4 million farms in Brazil are very small, and many produce at the subsistence level. Yet small-scale agriculture, which is known as “family agriculture” in Brazil and which includes poor small-scale farmers, accounts for about 70 per cent of the country’s food production and a significant share of food exports. This means that family agriculture has a strong potential as a means of overcoming poverty, one of the main challenges facing Brazil.  
Lack of access to formal education and skills training is another major cause of rural poverty. In recent years the government has invested large amounts in resources to broaden the scope of technical assistance services and facilitate access to them, especially for poor rural people.

Geography, agriculture and the economy
Geography
Brazil is the largest and most populous country in Latin America. Its massive land area of 8.5 million km2 extends over almost half of the continent and is only slightly smaller than that of the United States of America. Located in the eastern part of South America, on the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil shares boundaries with every other South American country except Chile and Ecuador. Geographically the country is characterized by low-altitude plateaux surrounded by plains. Brazil ’s climate is largely tropical or subtropical with high temperatures and frequent rainfall. The southern region is more temperate, while the north-eastern part of the country is dry and prone to periodic droughts. The diverse vegetation across this vast land mass reflects the differences in soil and climate.
Brazil’s population of 189.3 million (in 2007) is currently growing at an annual rate of 1.2 per cent. Most of the country’s inhabitants are concentrated along the Atlantic coast, especially in the principal cities, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paolo. The country is administered through a federal government and is made up of a federal district and 26 states, which are grouped into five regions.
Brazil has abundant natural resources. Its most remarkable asset is the huge portion of the Amazonian tropical rainforest that lies within Brazilian territory. Together, the Amazon forest and river basin make up the largest genetic reserve in the world and are believed to play an important part in stabilizing world climate. In this region deforestation – by loggers and cattle ranchers – has endangered a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area and continues to be the cause of enormous environmental concern. In 2005 the government reported that one fifth of the Amazon forest had been cleared by deforestation.


Agriculture 
Although agriculture accounts for about 7 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) Brazil is a major agricultural producer and the largest producer at regional level. The sector has grown rapidly over the past two decades. The areas cultivated have expanded, and agricultural output increased by 47 per cent between 1990 and 2000 and by 30 per cent between 2000 and 2006 (FAO).
The country is the world’s largest coffee producer. Other important agricultural products include soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugar cane, cocoa, citrus and beef. The agriculture sector is divided between the export-oriented commercial sector, with production concentrated in the temperate fertile South and Centre-East regions, and the far more numerous smallholder family farms.

Economy 
With its immense wealth of natural resources - including minerals, oil, hydropower and timber – and its large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, Brazil is the leading economic power in the Latin American region. GDP for 2007 was about US$1,300 billion, and the country continues to expand its presence in world markets.
Following a long period of economic instability, Brazil ’s present steady rate of growth can be attributed to a new strategy of expanding exports and encouraging foreign trade and investments, as well as to structural reforms introduced by the government from 1994. These reforms are based on public debt reduction, an increase in global economic efficiency and social security programmes, privatization of public enterprises and services, and tax reform. In the last decade Brazil has achieved dramatic results in improving living conditions for the nation’s poor people but it continues to have one of the most uneven income distributions in the world.



Pobreza cai na AL

Valor Econômico - 01/12/2010
 
Curtas

 

A pobreza na América Latina e no Caribe caiu 1% este ano em relação ao ano passado graças à recuperação das economias. A avaliação é da Cepal, órgão econômica da ONU para a região. A pobreza afeta hoje 180 milhões (31% da população), dos quais 72 milhões (12,9%) são indigentes. No Brasil, a pobreza caiu de 25,8% para 24,9%. Entre os países onde houve aumento do nível de pobreza, o Equador registrou elevação de 31,7% para 40,2%.


Desemprego sobe na UE

A taxa de desemprego dos países da zona do euro teve leve alta entre setembro e outubro, de 10% para 10,1%. Em outubro de 2009, o indicador era de 9,9%. Na União Europeia, o nível de desocupação se situou em 9,6% em outubro, mesma leitura de um mês antes e acima dos 9,4% do mesmo período de 2009. Holanda e Áustria têm as menores taxa de desemprego: 4,4% e 4,8%. Na outra ponta, está a Espanha com a maior taxa, 20,7%.



11,349,739.

Statistiques pour Brésil


Social indicators
Population, total (2008)191,971,506.0
Population growth (annual %) (2008)1.0
Population density (people per sq. km) (2008)22.7
Rural population (2008)27,682,291.2
Rural population density (rural population per sq. km of arable land) (2005)50.0
Rural population (% of total population) (2008)14.4
Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2007)16.4
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2007)6.4
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) (2007)19.7
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) (2007)21.7
Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (2008)72.5
Labor force, total (2007)97,739,840.5
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) (2007)43.5

Poverty indicators
Number of rural poor (million, approximate) (2008)11,349,739.4
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line (% of rural population) (2003)41.0
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population) (2003)21.5
Income share held by lowest 20% (2007)3.0

Education
School enrollment, primary (% gross) (2007)129.6
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) (2007)90.0

Health
Health expenditure, total (% of GDP) (2006)7.5
Physicians (per 1,000 people) (2000)1.2
Improved water source, rural (% of rural population with access) (2006)58.0
Improved sanitation facilities, rural (% of rural population with access) (2006)37.0
Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) (2007)0.6

Agriculture and Food
Food imports (% of merchandise imports) (2007)4.6
Food production index (1999-2001 = 100) (2006)127.7
Crop production index (1999-2001 = 100) (2005)126.3
Cereal yield (kg per hectare) (2007)3,518.1
Fertilizer consumption (100 grams per hectare of arable land) (2005)1,365.5

Environment
Land area (sq. km) (2008)8,459,420.0
Forest area (% of land area) (2005)56.5
Arable land (% of land area) (2005)7.0
Irrigated land (% of cropland) (2003)4.4

Economic Indicators
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) (2008)7,350.0
GDP (current US$) (2008)1,612,539,152,532.6
GDP per capita growth (annual %) (2008)4.1
Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (2008)5.7
Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) (2008)6.7
Industry, value added (% of GDP) (2008)28.0
Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) (2008)16.0
Services, etc., value added (% of GDP) (2008)65.3
General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) (2008)20.2
Household final consumption expenditure, etc. (% of GDP) (2008)60.7
Gross domestic savings (% of GDP) (2008)19.1

Trade
Merchandise exports (current US$) (2008)197,942,443,000.0
Merchandise imports (current US$) (2008)182,810,000,000.0
Balance of merchandise trade (US$ million) (2008)15,132,443,000.0
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) (2007)34,584,900,000.0

Government finance
Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP) (1998)22.6
Expense (% of GDP) (1998)24.5
Present value of debt (% of GNI) (2007)24.8
Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and income) (2007)27.8
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$) (2007)297,120,000.0
Deposit interest rate (%) (2008)11.7
Lending interest rate (%) (2008)47.2
External debt, total (DOD, current US$) (2007)237,471,672,000.0

Technology and infrastructure
Mobile phone subscribers (2008)150,641,408.0
Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) (2008)99.9
Personal computers (per 100 people) (2005)16.1
Internet users (per 100 people) (2007)35.5
------------------------------

World Statistics
Poverty, hunger and malnutrition
  • More than one billion people in the world live on less than US$1 a day
  • 2.7 billion struggle to survive on less than US$2 per day
  • More than 800 million people go to bed hungry every day, including 300 million children
  • Every 3.6 seconds a person dies of starvation, and most of those who die are children under age of 5
  • Every year 6 million children die from malnutrition before their fifth birthday
Agriculture
  • The African continent, once a net exporter of food, imports one third of its grain
  • More than 40 per cent of Africans do not have the ability to obtain sufficient food on a daily basis
  • For African farmers, conventional fertilizers cost two to sixtimes more than the world market price
HIV/AIDS
  • Every day HIV/AIDS kills 6,000 people and infects another 8,200 people with the deadly virus
  • The HIV/AIDS pandemic, along with declining soil fertility and land degradation, have led to a 23 per cent decrease in food production per capita
World statistics

(million)
Total population, 2003:
6,273
Total rural population, 2003:
3,257
People living on less than US$1 a day:
1,101
Extremely poor people in rural areas:
800
People living on less than US$2 a day:
2,733
Source: World Bank




Statistics
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) (2008)
7,350.0
Population, total (2008)
191,971,506.0
Rural population (2008)
27,682,291.2
Number of rural poor (million, approximate) (2008)

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